Business report Essay

This report illustrates two ways that Virgin Atlantic Airway uses to invest successfully in Africa. The two aspects are business and local directions. These are based on company’s website, academic journals and newspapers. Business means companies should catch the opportunity to expend their business. Local means the company should be concerning about the local economic situation and the local people’s lifestyle, in order to let the local accepting them invest in Africa, therefore makes that Virgin Atlantic Airway invest in Africa successful. The two ways used by Virgin Atlantic Airway have been mostly successfully invest in Africa. If Virgin Atlantic Airway keeps considering about these two aspects to their investment program, it can make their investment program more successful than their current situation. 1. Introduction Virgin Atlantic Airway is one of the most famous airline giants in the world. Its successful investment in Africa is an important essential that makes this company reaches this rank. 1. 1 Background Virgin Corporation was founded in 1968 by Richard Branson in the United Kingdom. Until 2012, the Virgin Corporation employed almost more than 50,000 people over 50 countries in the world. Global branded revenues of ? 15bn ($24bn). Virgin Corporation is a transnational private company. In 1970, the Virgin Group has gone on to grow successful businesses in sectors ranging from mobile telephony, travel, financial services, leisure, music, holidays, health to wellness. Virgin Atlantic set up in 1984. The company has become Britain’s second largest carrier serving majority of cities in the world. In 1999. Virgin Atlantic started cooperation with South Africa Airways. At the same time, Virgin added a new airline flight to South Africa. In 2004, Nigerian investors and Virgin Group founded in Virgin Nigeria. However, Virgin, the major shareholders announced their withdrawal from the partnership in 2009. 1. 2 Purpose The purpose is explaining how successful Virgin Atlantic Airway investment is in Africa. 1. 3 Methods The method of this report is based on business and local perspectives to prove that Virgin Atlantic Airway makes a successful investment in Africa. 2. Findings and Discussion 2. 1 Business The growth rates of a number of African countries were achieving impressive levels with consistency. When transnational corporations choose to invest in Africa, business opportunity is one of the biggest reasons. In 2009, Virgin Atlantic Airway found a proper time when they moved into Africa. The economic achievements after Virgin Atlantic Airway moved in Africa included: Table 1 From 2003—2007 Virgin Atlantic Financial Y/E April 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 PAX NO (cal year) 3. 8m 4. 3m 4. 4m 4. 6m 5. 1m TURNOVER ?1401m ?1272m* ?1630m ?1912m 2140m PROFIT/(LOSS) ?15. 7m ?20. 9m* ?20. 1m** ?41. 6** ?46. 8 (Source: From â€Å"Virgin Atlantic Airways – Company Overview,† n. d. ) The table shows Virgin Atlantic financial position from 2003 to 2007, it was increasing. From 1999, Virgin Atlantic Airway started investment in Africa. They found a new space to expand their business. From Table 1, from 2003 to 2007, their profit obviously increased from ? 15. 7m to ? 46. 8m. Especially, in 2006, the profit of Virgin Atlantic Airway almost doubled that in 2005. Furthermore, at the same time, Virgin Atlantic Airway invested in Nigeria which is one of the important reasons for the fast increase in company profit. Virgin Atlantic Cargo today announced revenues for the 2010/2011 financial year increasing 39 per cent to A? 224. 4 million (â€Å"Virgin Cargo sees 39% ,â€Å"n. d. ). In EMEA, sales increased 47 per cent over 2009/10. (â€Å"Virgin Cargo sees 39%,† n. d. ) In February 2009, SAA and Virgin Atlantic expanded their existing code-share. In March 2009, SAA offered additional flights and increased capacity on the route between Johannesburg and Mumbai. (â€Å"Market Overview – Travel,† 2010) Table 2 Overall ownership 51% Nigerian, 49% Technical Partner (Virgin Atlantic) 49% Virgin Atlantic Technical Partner (owned 51% Virgin, 49% Singapore Airlines) 11% Capital Alliance Leading private equity investor blue-chip investors/management 10% Dantata Leading industrial/services conglomerate based in Muslim North 4% Standard Trust Bank Largest Nigerian bank, â€Å"new generation† strategy 26% Other Nigerian institutional investors 17 other Nigerian insurance companies, banks, corporates, private equity firms. (Source: Fromâ€Å"Investment Environment in Africa,† 2005) This Table explains that the percentage of Virgin Atlantic invested in Nigeria. Virgin Atlantic is the major share-holder in Virgin Nigeria. In 2009, Virgin Atlantic Airway quitted from Virgin Nigeria. Virgin investment in Nigeria announced failed. However, Virgin Atlantic Airway invest in Africa had failed in some situation. In 2009, Virgin Atlantic Airway quit from Virgin Nigeria. From Table 2, Virgin was the major share-holder in Virgin Nigeria, Akpo. E (2013) states,† external factors include but are not limited to poor infrastructure in Nigeria, conflicts with government’s aviation authorities as regards use of facilities and poor profit turnout†(p. 6). It means Virgin has a negative factor in choosing a place. Thus, Virgin Atlantic Airway should be concerning that knows what other international investment companies method about investment and management. If they have strengthen communication between company and the company, they can avoid failed in Nigeria and their business space in Africa will wider than now. 2. 2 Local The company plans to move into another country, the leader will consider the local problem first. When the local support the company that means the company’s investment program has succeed and has a good beginning. In 2004, Virgin Atlantic Airway invested in Nigeria, and the leader of Virgin has considered this issue. Lumess Talent Acquisition has executed across all of the business by Virgin Atlantic, which received 130,000applications from 2,200vacancies advertised every year (â€Å"Virgin Atlantic uncovers the best talent and cuts time to hire by 20%† n. d. ). Virgin’s investment in Africa started from 1999, Virgin Atlantic Airway got the supporting from local that Virgin Atlantic Airway had received 130,000 applications for 2,200 vacancies advertised annually. This way boosts international economic cooperation, and promotes the relationship between investment company and local. Moreover, investment in Africa has promoted the tourist industry of Africa because it can bring many business chances and enhance local economic. Brand new air crafts and a mix of expatriates and local employees was commenced operations by Virgin Nigeria (â€Å"The birth, the rise and the fall of Virgin Nigeria† 2013). High traffic growth occurred because the emergence of budget airlines and the booming economic climate in South Africa (â€Å"Market Overview – Travel† 2010). On the other hand, Virgin Atlantic Airway invested in Africa solve the problem of employment. Akpo. E (2013) states, â€Å"Virgin Nigeria commenced operations with brand new air crafts and a mix of expatriates and local employees† (p. 6). Recruitment of locals is one of the reasons that Virgin Atlantic Airway gets support from the local. Therefore, Virgin Atlantic Airway’s method is right to have achievement in Africa for the company. In this aspect, Virgin Atlantic Airway should be keeping the balance of local employees and service quality. If they perform regular inspections every month, they will solve the problem between local employees and service quality and keep of it. 3. Conclusion This report clearly states that Virgin is almost successful to invest in Africa. The reason is that they catch the opportunity to expand their business and consider about the local situation of Africa. Virgin can provide working opportunities to the local, and help the economics of Africa growth. Overall, Virgin is one of the best examples to demonstrate how well a company investment in Africa. 4. Recommendation and implementation As a company, investment is one of the most important programs. Companies should know about how to catch the business opportunities and cater for the local. Therefore, Virgin Corporation attaches importance to business and local. They catch a good opportunity for the investment program. However, in order to make Virgin Corporation become more successful investment in Africa. Accordingly, the following recommendations are made: If Virgin Corporation concerns about communicating with other local air company, the company will know more about the local situation and find more new partners. Virgin should not only communicate with their work partner because they need expanding in the future. If Virgin Corporation improves the ability of regulating conflict and keeping the balance with inner and outer. Virgin Atlantic Airway will not withdraw from Virgin Nigeria. For example, having a regular assignment to the employees can avoid poor employee attitude as a minus.

Research on Liquid Waste Management Essay

The topic we are selected for our research is â€Å"LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENTS IN VAGAMON†. This topic has a wide scope for research. In order to conduct an exploratory research, we will start doing the location analysis. For that we will collect data on the population, households, population density, factories, labours, sanitation, water reserves†¦etc. Based on the data collected, we select a sample frame where the population density is high and which will be a true representative of vagamon as a whole. In order to find out the objectives of descriptive research, we will frame a questionnaire to find out the problems they are facing due to liquid wastes in their daily lives. Read Also:  What Topics Can Be Good to Do an Exploratory Essay? Based on the similar answers, we will set the objectives for the descriptive study. Next step of exploratory research will be conducted inside the factory and its premises. We will frame a questionnaire for the factory personnel to be answered to find out the liquid wastes the factories are producing and how they are processed. Then we will be conducting an exploratory research among the people living in the factory premises and will find out how the liquid wastes affecting their lives. By integrating all data collected from factories, households, and the secondary data collected from the village authorities, we will set objectives for the descriptive research. The steps for our research is 1. Collect the details of households, population, factory’s from panchayat. 2. Collect the details about the existing rules & regulations followed by panchayat for controlling the liquid waste. 3. Collect the details about the existing sanitation facilities exist in households & factory’s. The main objectives of our descriptive research are 1. To find out the various liquid waste management techniques presently using by the households and factory’s. 2. To know about the efficiency of current liquid waste management. 3. To know whether the waste water affect the public health. 4. To know about the opinion of people about the recycling of waste water.

Example Solution Manual Essay

PESTEL analysis is a useful starting point for environmental analysis, encouraging students to think wide. Exhibit 2.2 provides an initial PESTEL analysis of the airline industry, giving students the general idea. The first question asks for additional elements in the analysis. For example, under Political, you might add subsidies for local airports; under Economic, you might add the rise of Asian economies; and under Legal, you could add the trend towards airline privatisation. A key danger to highlight is of long lists of forces or influences that are too unwieldy for practical action. So the second question challenges students to assess which of the forces are likely to be of most significance in driving industry change. Here students should justify their views in terms of the evidence from the past and the likely impact in the future of any particular influence. The end-chapter case example on the European brewing industry also asks students to do a PESTEL analysis. Illustration 2.2 Scenarios Scenarios help students think long term and very broadly: here the World Economic Forum and its members are looking a decade ahead, and thinking about geo-economics in general as well as just the market in a narrow sense. The question asks about whether companies have more influence over government policy or geo-economics. It then goes on to ask about how companies might influence government. This also obviously touches on issues of corporate social responsibility, pursued in Chapter 4. Companies probably do have more influence on policy coordination, but the issue is which governments they should be talking to (the United States, China?) and whether it is only governments that matter (United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation?). They should also consider how they can best influence governments, individually or collectively through, for example, the World Economic Forum or the Business Roundtable, the group of CEOs of leading American corporations. To some extent, the power is likely to be exercised negatively: through lobbying against and criticism of  proposals for financial re-regulation. It is worthwhile also asking about the influence these corporations can have themselves on geo-economic shifts: some Western company headquarters are shifting away from their home-countries, for example, the global headquarters of American civil engineering conglomerate Halliburton moved to Dubai and Swiss/Swedish engineering company ABB moved its global robotics business headquarters to Shanghai. Illustration 2.3 The Steel Industry The steel industry provides a fairly easy-to-understand case of rapid structural change, and one led by industry actors. Understanding how the leading companies are making an impact helps to counter a risk of ‘determinism’ in Porterian analyses; in other words, a sense that structures are given rather than changeable. The first question particularly invites a comparative analysis using the radar-plot introduced in Exhibit 2.5. The radar-plot might look roughly like the following, with the continuous lines indicating rough positions in around 2000 (10 years earlier than the illustration) and the dotted lines indicating positions in 2010. The comparative positions highlight the increasing power of suppliers such as the iron ore producers (negative); the high power of sophisticated buyers, somewhat mitigated by the declining power of the Big Three (mildly positive perhaps); and the beginning of decreased rivalry (positive) as the larger steel companies such as Mittal try to consolidate the industry. It might be said that the new entry threat has stabilised and even reduced, though continued investment by Chinese players may increase rivalry especially if they turn to overseas markets. Overall, comparing the size of the two radar plots over time suggests only a marginal change in favour of the steel producers. With regard to the second question, the acquisition strategies seem driven by the desire to reduce rivalry by reducing the number of players and even capacity. You might ask students what is necessary to make this work: here you might highlight the importance for reduced rivalry of both simultaneous cuts in capacity investments by, for example, the Chinese and strong barriers to new entry. With regard to the third question, success in raising barriers to entry (e.g. through technological change) and in  reducing rivalry (through continued consolidation) would make the industry more attractive. Vertical integration strategies into sources of supply (e.g. iron ore) would help too. A potential negative is significant progress with substitute materials. This depends on technological progress, hence providing a useful link between the Porter 5 Forces and PESTEL. Illustration 2.4 Chugging in the Charity Sector The aim of this Illustration of course is to show that industry structure analysis is relevant to not-for-profits as well. Indeed, charities appear ruthlessly competitive – hence the High Street chuggings. The first question points to at least three of the Porterian forces as causing problems: (i) There are low barriers to entry, with ‘constant refreshment’ of the industry by new charities; (ii) there is strong buying power on the part of local authorities commissioning services; (iii) there is intense rivalry because of the number of competitors and tendency towards overlap and duplication of charitable services. In addition, they face substitutes in the form of local authorities and other agencies performing services in-house, but at this point the trend in that respect was in their favour. The suppliers of funds – donors – have many alternative charities to give to. The mergers and increasing concentration levels (the largest are growing fastest) imply growing industry consolidation. At the moment, the industry structure might be described as highly competitive, but there may be widespread advantages to it moving towards a more oligopolistic situation. Illustration 2.5 Cycles of Competition The ‘wisdom’ in strategy theory has been that competitiveness is about building up a long-term competitive advantage and then defending it against competitors. The idea of cycles of competition takes a more dynamic view as to how competition in an industry will work its way out over time. It also highlights the potentially destructive nature of competition (at least from the point of view of industry players) and the value of trying to avoid it. Indeed, a key point is that these competitive cycles are not inevitable. Signaling to competitors, and interpreting the signals of others’  competitive moves, can help avoid head-on competition. Retaliation (Section 2.3 under barriers to entry) is a key principle here, as are the basics of game theory (Chapter 3). With regard to question 1, Francotop might have slowed down or rebuffed entirely Deutschespitze’s invasion of the French market by retaliating hard against its initial move: even though the youth niche was not so important to Francotop, a determined response there would have signalled the likelihood that attacking the core French market would be so fiercely opposed that it might not be worth Deutschespitze’s while even to try. With regard to question 2, Francotop would have been hard-pressed to avoid escalating competition in the business market. However, one possibility might have been for Francotop to focus on a particular neglected niche (say the small firms segment). By signaling clearly through advertising or similar that this niche was the extent of their ambitions, Francotop might have encouraged Deutschespitze to concentrate on its best opportunities, leaving the French get on with their specialism in peace. Illustration 2.6 Key Debate: How Much Does Industry Matter? This debate addresses an enduring source of controversy in strategy research, and allows students to review the importance of the contents of Chapter 2 (particularly the ‘five forces’), at the same time as introducing the more internally focused issues of Chapter 3 that follows. For Porter, industry matters a lot. The sceptic might argue ‘he would say that, wouldn’t he’? After all, this is exactly what his training in industrial economics and the standard products of his consulting firm would favour. However, the important thing here is to recognise the extent of the research he (and collaborators such as Anita McGahan) draw upon to make their case. It is worth pointing out to students that strategy theories are more than ‘just theories’: there is solid empirical research involved too. When meeting a new theory, students should get used to asking: where is the research evidence? What the research seems to suggest is that an industry is no t the be-all and end-all, but that choosing an attractive industry is a very good starting point in strategy: industry accounts for about two-fifths of the explained variance in the Porter and McGahan study (leaving aside control variables etc.). Turning to the precise question, the kinds of industries  that influence members’ profitabilities more than others seem generally to be service industries (explaining the greater industry effects in the Porter and McGahan study than in Rumelt’s). But to go on from here, industry influences are most likely to be strongest in highly competitive and mature industries. In such industries, sources of firm-specific differentiation are likely to be few, easily imitated and easily competed away, so making it hard to earn above-normal profits. At the same time, standard recipes for competing would have been established, so only the incompetent would perform substantially below the norm (and competition should have eliminated most such incompetents by the industry maturity stage). These conditions would probably prevail in service industries such as hotels, restaurants and retail. Newer industries are likely to offer more scope for innovation and differentiation, and have fewer commodity competitors and suppliers, so allowing persistent variability in profitability. Video Questions Hiscox Hiscox is a specialist insurer in the Lloyds of London insurance market. The company specialises in niche areas such as property and casualty insurance for high net worth individuals and companies, as well as cover against such risks as hacking, kidnapping and satellite damage. The video case is quite complicated, so best viewed after a thorough working through of the chapter material. 1.The industry is facing more buyer power, with the rise of online price comparison sites. On the other hand, there is a process of consolidation with the rise of ‘consolidators’ (companies such as Resolution), who are acquiring weaker companies in order to build position. This is likely in the long term to reduce rivalry. Major failures such as that of the American giant AIG (American Investment Group) are likely to reduce rivalry too. It is clear that general recessionary pressures are also influencing the market at the time of the video, reducing demand and likely to make it more price-sensitive. 2.Hiscox has a specialist position, aside from companies like AIG or the general insurers that Resolution is trying to buy, and its power in its niche is reinforced by its brand (well known in the United Kingdom). It also has the advantage of having both an underwriting (issue of insurance policies) and investment business, which mean that Hiscox is protected from short-term cycles or crises in one part  of the business, probably helping to buffer it from price competition in the short term too. Assignment 2.1 PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis is a useful starting point for environmental analysis. Illustration 2.1 provides a model. A ‘blank’ of the basic template of illustration 2.1 can be provided to students who can then be asked to complete it for the forces at work in a particular industry. The danger is that long lists of forces or influences can be generated by this device. So the second question challenges students to assess which of the forces are likely to be of most significance in driving industry change. Here students should justify their views in terms of the evidence from the past and the likely impact in the future of any particular influence. See the discussion of the PESTEL for the end-chapter case on the European brewing industry for an example. Assignment 2.2 Building Scenarios Assignment 2.2 requires students to focus on change in industry characteristics and competitive forces through the construction of scenarios. Guidelines for the construction of scenarios are given in Section 2.2.2 it is recommended that students follow these, building either two or four scenarios for a given industry. The work done in Assignment 2.1 should provide the bases of identifying the key industry forces or influences which will enable them to do this. Some of the problems of scenario building should be emphasised to students: Students may try to build in too many factors and, therefore, not be able to limit the number of scenarios. They may find difficulty in generating scenarios with a coherent and compatible set of factors. Some may be wary of having to exercise judgement; and others will confuse judgement with hunch. Try to encourage a realistic debate that tests out assumptions and projections against known facts and trends. A particularly useful exercise is to ask stude nts to build scenarios for an industry for which there is a company case (or for their own industry/company if possible) and then to assess the company’s strategic position in the light of the different scenarios (e.g. see the notes above on the brewing industry). One of the issues that might surface is the ease  or difficulty with which scenarios can be constructed. It usually emerges that scenarios are much easier to construct where the number of key forces at work in an industry is relatively few. They are less easy to construct if the number of important forces is high because the number of variables the student is trying to handle becomes too great. This, in turn, raises another issue. Scenarios are of particular use in uncertain environments as a means of helping managers to think through possible futures. However, uncertainty may arise for a number of reasons. If uncertainty arises because of the unpredictability of a few forces, then arguably scenarios may be very helpful, but what if uncertainty arises primarily because there are a large number of forces at work: to what extent are scenarios of use in such circumstances? There are a limited number of very important forces at work in the brewing industry: but what of fast-moving hi-t ech industries where there are many different forces at work? Assignment 2.3 Five Competitive Forces Five forces analysis is an absolutely fundamental technique in strategy. Section 2.3 should give students the ability to carry out a basic five forces analysis of any industry. They should be encouraged to consider all of the elements of each of the five forces: so for example, under barriers to entry, scale and experience effects, channels, retaliation and so on. The radar-plot technique of Exhibit 2.5 should only be used as a summary once the full analysis is complete; the danger is of it being used to short-circuit the analysis. Students should be expected to do more than simply list elements; they should clearly identify the implications (positive or negative) of each. The second question about conclusions for industry attractiveness should underline the importance of drawing out implications, rather than just listing. Assignment 2.4 Comparisons between Industries and Over Time This assignment allows students to build on Assignment 2.3 in order to consider the investment implications of differences between industries and change over time. The assignment is a substantial one if relying on students’ own research. However, time can be saved if two case studies are used (e.g. brewing, pharmaceuticals or hi-fi, perhaps looking backwards at  change over the past three to five years, rather than change in the future). Similarly, students may save time by using the radar-plot technique (Exhibit 2.5), as in the discussion of Illustration 2.3. It is important to note the two follow-up questions. Explicitly asking for justification helps students avoid the superficial analysis which is easy to do with five forces. Asking the question about investment helps students think about concrete implications, again something that five forces analyses often neglect. By looking over time, students will learn to be cautious about investing in industries with declining attractiveness. By comparing industries, students can also consider industry attractiveness in their diversification decisions, an issue picked up in Chapter 7. At the same time, it is worth countering the implications of five forces analysis with two thoughts: Industries that are highly attractive are likely to have high barriers to entry, so the costs of entry may outweigh the benefits of entering. An industry that is becoming relatively unattractive may be neglected by competitors, and, if you enjoy a strong competitive advantage in that industry, it may still be a source of profit to you. Assignment 2.5 Strategic Groups This assignment builds on the notion of strategic groups and strategic space outlined in Section 2.4.1 in the text. Figure 2.8 provides an example of how the exercise could be carried out. This could, for example, be applied to the European brewing industry: Key strategic dimensions might come under either of the scope or resource commitment characteristics in Section 2.4.1 – for example, product range or extent of vertical integration. Possible key strategic dimensions in the European brewing industry might include geographical coverage, strength of brands, diversification, size of firm, type of distribution, and so on. Students are encouraged to draw more than one strategic group map if they believe that more than two dimensions are important. It is useful to ask them to consider the extent to which different bases of such maps give rise to similar or different configurations. They might find, for example, that however the maps are drawn up, some companies always tend to end up in the same groups. In other words, some companies may have a very similar set of strategic characteristics along many dimensions. Students are asked to examine the  strategic group maps to see if there are any under-populated ‘white spaces’ in the industry. For example, in brewing, is there an opportunity for a giant specialist in making ‘own brand’ beer for the large retailers? However, students should assess carefully why there are few competitors in any such white spaces. White spaces can often turn out to be dangerous ‘black holes’ rather than attractive opportunities. Assignment 2.6 Critical Success Factors and the Strategy Canvas It is very likely that students will concentrate on success factors that are salient to them as consumers – for example, the product ranges of a clothing retailer. Less visible elements, such as ownership by a diversified parent company, may be neglected. However, for a short assignment, this need not matter too much: the essence is comparison in order to identify areas of (potential) competitive advantage. The key insight of a strategy canvas is to encourage competitors to compete where it is relatively easy to secure a significant advantage (Blue Ocean), and not necessarily to compete fiercely over the top-rated success factors if advantage can only be obtained at very considerable cost (Red Ocean). You can introduce less visible, but strategically significant elements after they have done their basic analysis. Integrative Assignment Full Analysis of an Industry or a Sector This assignment would be a demanding research project over a significant part of the course. It is however a very good test of students’ ability to apply tools to real data appropriately, as well as developing their research skills. Students will see it as practical and, if allowed a choice of sectors, relevant to their own interests. Good research resources are essential. As well as free web-based resources such as company reports, trade association statistics and some government or supra-governmental (EU, UN) reports and statistics, students would likely need limited-access resources such as the business press and journals available through BusinessSource Premier, Factiva or Proquest, and reports from organisations such as Euromonitor, Key Notes and Mintel. Your institution’s librarian will advise you on what is available to students and how proficient they are likely to be in using such sources. You would also want to guide students  on which industries or sectors to choose. Very broad industries – for example, the world airline industry – are likely to overwhelm students with data. It might be helpful to encourage focus – for example, the airline industry in India, or similar. Industry focus also reduces the risk of plagiarism. There are many student assignments of a similar nature available for a fee on the web, and it would definitely be wise to avoid allowing students to research the same industries in successive years. Requiring a specific focus on particular themes (e.g. internationalisation) or some less common concepts (e.g. the strategy canvas, cycles of competition etc.) can also reduce plagiarism. Insisting on precisely citing sources for key data and points (through an end-note system or similar) makes simple plagiarism harder too, as well as being good practice. If allowed, students will find very helpful a couple of example assignments from previous years to guide them roughly on what they are supposed to do. A report length limit of around 2000–2500 words would encourage students to focus on what is really important. Requiring an ‘executive summary’ would also force students to consider what is really important and what are the key implications. Over a two semester course, this assignment could be stage one of a two-part assessment regime; the second semester could have as an assignment asking students to consider implications of the first part for the strategy of a particular company in the original industry or sector. Case Example The European Brewing Industry This case focuses on the key techniques of PESTEL and five forces analysis that are central to this chapter. Full cases such as the pharmaceutical industry can be used develop students’ skills in seeing trends in industry data and drawing conclusions as to the likely impact of those trends on particular companies in an industry. PESTEL Here it would be helpful to ask the students to draw on wider knowledge or research (you may have beer drinkers from many countries in your class). Depending on how extensive students’ additional research and thinking are, a wide-range of issues may be raised. To highlight some for the purposes of illustration: Political: government campaigns against drink driving Economic: the rise of the Asian economies Social: rise of beer consumption in southern Europe Technological: few clear in the case, but innovations around products such as ice-cold lager might be raised Environmental: few clear in the case, but packaging issues are likely to be important Legal: few clear in the case, but changes in licensing laws and permitted alcohol limits for driving are relevant. PESTELs can often seem somewhat inconclusive, so it is important to pull out key issues and conclusions. The increasing hostility to drinking (under P and L) and the rise of Asian economies and southern Europe (under E & S) seem particularly important trends. One way of drawing some simple conclusions is to assess the overall balance (positive or negative) under each of the PESTEL headings: in the case of the European brewing industry, most of the headings are likely to be negative. The Five Forces There has traditionally been a wide variation of industry structures across Europe. The United Kingdom is fairly competitive. Denmark, Holland, Italy, Belgium and France, on the other hand, have been in near monopoly situations. However, with increasing exports and imports and cross-border acquisitions, national markets are becoming less protected. An interesting issue, then, is at what level to conduct industry structure analysis. If at a European level, the broad issues to consider under each of the five forces are as follows: Buyers: With more than one fifth of beer sold through supermarkets, and increasing resort to ‘own-label’, these buyers are increasingly powerful (underline that buyers are not the ultimate consumers). Suppliers: The high concentration of the packagers suggests that these are becoming increasingly powerful. Substitutes: Wine is clearly a dangerous substitute. New entrants: Internationalisation through M&A and increased trade is introducing new entrants into previously protected markets: most countries see increasing imports (Table 2). Anheuser-Busch and SABMiller are two obvious new entrants into Europe. Students might be alerted to the potential threat of TsingTao and the other Chinese brewers. Although not prominent in the case, there is still the potential of small new brewers entering using micro-breweries or contract brewers (e.g. Cobra). Rivalry: falling demand,  international entrants and over-capacity obviously increase the scope for rivalry. However, note that sales values are rising, that innovation and branding can mitigate price-competition, that there has been a history of price-fixing cartels, and that leading players are attempting consolidation through M&A. It might be useful to ask the students to compare industry concentration ratios in 2000 and 2009: that is, the share accounted for the top three or five players (Tabl e 3). As ever, it is important to draw conclusions. On balance, the European brewing industry does not seem attractive, and unlikely to become more so until the current round of consolidation is completed and brewers achieve greater leverage against their buyers and suppliers. Impact on Particular Brewing Companies The three companies are chosen to represent different types of ‘player’. A–B InBev is the largest player, after a succession of spectacular mergers. It is remarkable how the company is withdrawing from fast-growing China and Eastern Europe, however. Greene King is tiny in comparison to A–B InBev, with just one key domestic market, the United Kingdom. However, domestic focus and its own pubs may be giving it a strongly defended local position. You might ask whether there are competitors who might be tempted to buy such a company. Tsing Tao is the wild-card here. It is strong in its booming home market, but it is also interested in moving overseas. But would it make Europe a priority region for expansion, or choose another market?

Ethics modules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics modules - Essay Example The investigator chooses a case-control design with paired lifestyle interviews and a few blood and urine tests and assigns a study manager to identify patients with the diagnosis from the pathology logbook that lists names. The study manager would then ask each patients primary physician for permission to contact the patient. Which of the following is required before the investigator begins the study? The Belmont Report defines and delineates between "Practice" and "Research" , describes the concept of "Respect for Person" and provides formulations for the ethical distribution of research benefits and risks (Principle of Justice). The Belmont report does not describe the necessity to effectively manage conflicts of interest as an example of the Principle of Justice. The best answer is "heightened awareness". In 1966 Dr. Henry K. Beecher, wrote an article describing numerous research studies with controversial ethics, conducted by reputable researchers and published in major journals. Beecher concluded, "unethical or questionably ethical procedures are not uncommon." Beechers article played an important role in heightening the awareness of researchers, the public, and the press to the problem of unethical human subjects research. In order to meet the definition of research with human subjects a researcher must obtain data about a living individual through interaction or intervention or obtain individually identifiable private information. Although à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“public behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may be construed differently from setting to setting, public behavior is, by definition, not private information. Information without identifiers that is publicly available is also not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"private identifiable informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ so it too does not meet the definitional requirements. Information that is publicly available is also not considered to involve human subjects

How do Small-Medium Private enterprises contribute to the local Dissertation

How do Small-Medium Private enterprises contribute to the local economy in China -- look at ZheJiang Provice - Dissertation Example Research Method: To determine how private small-medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute to the short- and long-term development of Zhejiang’s local economy, triangulation method was used in this study. A total of 100 research survey respondents were invited to participate in an online research survey whereas a couple of research interviewees were randomly selected from the 100 research survey respondents. The couple of research interviewees were interviewed through video conferencing. Research Findings: H1 should be accepted but not H2. The presence of private SMEs in Zhejiang Province has an indirect positive impact on its social development. The short-term impact of private SMEs includes saving the jobs of millions of people and prevents thousands of SMEs from business closure. Long-term impact includes strengthening the business performance of the private SMEs which is necessary for future infrastructure development of this province. The long-term impact of its local governmen t intervention can help re-stablization of some of the private SMEs in this province. ... Establish a strong financial and institutional development; (2) Reduce regulatory and administrative Burden; (3) Encourage practice of foreign direct investment (FDI) Table of Contents Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦. 3 Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 1.1 Research Aims †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 1.2 Research Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 1.3 Research Questions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 1.4 Research Hypotheses †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 1.5 Scope and Limitations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 1.6 Rationale for Selecting the Research Topic †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 1.7 Si gnificance of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 2 Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 2.1 Historical Development of Private SMEs in China †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 2.2 Role of Private SMEs in China’s Economic Development and Creation of New Employment Opportunities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.. 13 2.3 Private SME Policies, Plans, and Programs in China †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.. 15 2.4 Common Challenges of Operating Private SMEs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 2.5 About Zhejiang Province †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 2.6 Th e Case of SMEs in

Appraisal of foreign direct investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Appraisal of foreign direct investment - Essay Example A review of capital structure of FUSE plc has also been undertaken. Foreign direct investment implies transfer of capital, managerial, and technical assets by a multinational entity from the country where it is based to the country where investment is made. FDI may involve participation by the host country in equity capital, managerial control, and operational control. FDI decisions are complex issues as FDI projects are subjected to a variety of risk factors. For the case under study the FUSE plc has set up certain criterion for taking a decision for investment in a power generating project in Pajistan. The basic rule for investment decisions is that the internal rate of return on the project should be greater than the weighted marginal cost of the investment. The rule dictates that â€Å"accept projects up to the point at which the marginal return on an investment equals its weighted cost of capital. Beyond that point, its investment return will be less than its capital cost.† (Lawrence J. Gitman, page 519)i However, the investment criterio n of FUSE Plc for investment in emerging market like Pajistan is three fold as under: As per above criterion of investment, the computations of hurdle rate become imperative. Hurdle rate is the â€Å"minimum acceptable rate of return for a proposed project to merit investment. Usually, the hurdle rate is the opportunity cost of capital or the best return the company could get by investing the capital elsewhere. To be financially justifiable, a project’s internal rate of return must exceed the hurdle rate set by the firm for such project.†(Paul M. Swamidass, page 286)ii FUSE plc has set its hurdle rate for Pajistan project at 5% above the weighted cost of average capital to the company. Accordingly computations of WACC are important to devise the required hurdle rate. It is important to note that â€Å"cost of capital is the rate of return that a firm must earn on the projects, in which it invests to maintain the

The Bicycle sharing system in Los Angeles Essay

The Bicycle sharing system in Los Angeles - Essay Example Los Angeles should consider adopting the Bicycle Sharing System for 3 predominant reasons: pollution, traffic as well as public health issues . Los Angeles is one of the most populated cities in the world and the development in technology has allowed more people to enter Los Angeles. Thus, the region is overcrowded with a lot of people. Ostensibly, Los Angeles’ population keeps growing every year and might soon reach appalling and uncontrollable figures. Due to its huge population composed of affluent individuals, usage of personal vehicles creates the serious problems in pollution. Driving personal vehicle does not only impact negatively on the environments, but also leads to noise pollution thus hampering individuals’ ability to hear. A journal by Kenneth A. Small and Camilla Kazimi, mentions, â€Å"The costs of air pollution, noise, and other environmental damage are not precisely measurable †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The vehicles consume diesel, and the substances from burning diesel will make elements that would contribute to form acid rain. Snags such as air contamination or acid rain are fatal, and it takes a long time for the environment to recover from these pollutions . As the population keeps snowballing, the number of cars on the street would briskly increase. This means that these cars will make more components of acid rain, which will harm human the society in the near future. Thus, the adoption of the Bicycle Sharing System will bring the result of reduction in air pollution in the future.

Water Contamination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water Contamination - Assignment Example Farms do two things to chicken manure: dump it in any available water resource or use it on the fields. Pohlmann decided to 14.1 tons of land-applied manure to one acre. This was done despite the recommendation limiting manure to six tons per acre (Rish). According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, Ohio has no Clean Water Act permits that specify control over livestock operations like Buckeye’s chicken farm. Also, Ohio’s Trade Secrecy act permits factories like the Buckeye farm to dump their manure in an off-site location without revealing the area. However, it is not the manure spill alone that affects the poison content of the water. The intensive confinement of thousands of chickens can result in manure that is far beyond the soil’s absorption rate. The runoff that results from this heavy manure can cause not only water pollution but also affect the land. In the water, it causes eutrophication which makes the soil so rich in organic and mineral content that the amount of oxygen in the water is depleted (HSUS 2005). The difference is that while the plants in the water thrive, the animal life in the water body suffers. This contamination is not a problem for the land and animals alone. The polluted water that drains into the rivers is a percentage of the drinking water for the humans in that area. Grant claims that 60% of the water dumped into these rivers is used as drinking water by the locals of Ohio (1998). Thus, Buckeye farm profited from a number of loopholes in Ohio’s state program. The farm was not forced to reveal the places it dumped the manure preventing the citizens from knowing if the manure is not being properly disposed of in streams or wells. Ohio’s environmental body also has the permission to ask for the management of livestock manure if any farm has more than 1000 livestock units: like the Buckeye Farm.

Selfie and Self-portrait Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Selfie and Self-portrait - Research Paper Example They can also fail to present the person facing down with no focus, which can distort the image. Self-portraits include reason and thought during the composition of the image or photo (McHugh n.p). It is significant to note that self- portrait is another way of looking at me and reflecting on my personal life while a selfie is not looking at me because in most cases people gaze empty. When a person takes a selfie, the eyes look bigger and shiny because of the closeness to the camera but self-portrait the artist produce every part of the image in accordance with the way it appears. While taking a selfie, the gestures imply that look at me I am taking a selfie or a photo of me or I am here. It tries to capture the attention of other people. On contrary, Self-portrait tries to reveal certain messages or information about the image. For instance, the artist draws the image with an intention to pass a message to the people (Jim 17). The common similarity between a selfie and a self-portrait is that people analyze and assess themselves. In addition, in selfie people retouch and change themselves or transform their images to represent the current emotional state while artists or painters do their self-portrait because there is no one around to practice human anatomy and once their work is complete, they do not have a chance to retouch and change it.  

Case Study Questions Essay Example for Free

Case Study Questions Essay 1. What are the inputs, process, and outputs of UPS’s package tracking system? 2. What technologies are used by UPS? How are these technologies related to UPS’s business strategy? 3. What strategic business objectives do UPS’s information systems address? 4. What would happen if UPS’s information systems were not available? Answer: 1. A. Inputs * Package Information * Customer Information * Destination * Current Location of the parcels B. Process * The data are transmitted to a central computer and stored for retrieval. Data are also organized so that they can be tracked by customer. C. Output * Smart Labels * Signatures of Receiver * Proof of delivery * Receipts 2. Technologies used by UPS * DIAD (Delivery Information Acquisition Device) * Barcode scanning systems * Smart Labels * Wired and Wireless Communication Network (GPRS, CDMA) * Desktop and Central Storage â€Å"Best Services and Lowest Rates† Because of the advance integration of UPS’s technology. It can provide services cheaper and more efficiently. That technology solves problems like logistics and supply chain management, freight forwarding, customs brokerage, mail services. 3. Strategic Business Objectives of UPS’s information systems address * Operational Excellence UPS manage to cut down costs and save M 28 Miles by their truck using advanced technology. * New Products, Services and Business Models The information systems of UPS created new way on how to offer delivery service. It has transformed the way the company gathers information, creating routes etc. * Competitive Advantage UPS had already its operational excellence and New Products, Services and Business Models which means the UPS already gain a competitive advantage. Having this kind of technologies that they use like DIAD made them do things better than their competitors. 4. If UPS’s Information Systems were not available: * Operational costs could be higher. * Millions of gallons of fuel could be burnt. * Millions of miles could be driven. * UPS’s would not be able to track their parcels and deliver them efficiently if these systems were not available. MIS in Action

Advice for raising children

Advice for raising children Advice for raising children At different ages children are exposed to different situation; it may or may not lead them to negative emotions. Therefore, parents are always concerned about how to treat their childrens negative emotions, and about how to build intimacy with their children. Recently, I have read four different articles which talk about developing strong bond between parents and children. In the articles, â€Å"Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child,† by John Gottman, â€Å"Our Approach to Discipline,† by William Sears and Martha Sears, â€Å"The Childhood Roots Of Adult Happiness,† by Edward Hallowell, â€Å"How to Behave so Your Children Will, too,† by Salv Severe focuse on building healthy relationship between children and parents. Gottman, Hallowell, and Sears, emphasis the important of communication in parenting. Parenting can be very difficult, but these tips that authors offer may help you become closer with your child. Gottman claims that empathy strength the parent children bond. Parents must acknowledge their own negative emotions before they try to understand their childrens emotions. When you talk to your kids about their problems, you show them that you are their ally when it comforts and supports your child. Parents want their children to be more independent and solve their own problem. Sometimes parents tend to neglect their childrens emotion, just to teach them lesson; however it causes children to build negative emotions. Thus, it is essential to have an understanding between parents and children to enrich strong relationship. Sears suggests discipline is effective when parents connect with their children (pg 90). The parents are connected to their children; the more likely the children are to acc ept the parents discipline. Hallowell asserts that when parents love and accept their children, the parents and children develop connectedness (pg 97). Strong connectedness at school and home will make child less likely to become depressed, suicidal or drug users. Children are happier and more confident when they feel connected. Severe insists that parents are most effective with discipline when they cooperate with their children rather than trying to control them (pg 108). If parents let their children make decision, children learn independent. As with Sears strong parent child bond ensures the effectiveness of discipline. In addition, sears claims that communication between children reduces misbehavior it is really important how you interpret your childs problem and listen to it. Once children have experienced their own feeling, they are capable of understanding others. When parents child relationship is good, children accept more of their parents modeling. If parents want their c hildren to respect others, they have to respect their children too. Parents who communication well with their children, and enable their children to communication well with others. Sears and Hallowell believe that Childrens self-esteem influences their social behavior and learning. Hallowell asserts that motivations, positive attitudes, and behaviors influence children to have high self-esteem (pg 98). Children who have high self-esteem are mostly likely to response optimistically. They also manage difficult situation, and less negative emotions. Sears considers that children who act positively and tend to have high self-image. They also behave in wise manner. In addition, children with low self-esteem will not able to experience anything new; thus, they are less likely to succeed in school. Severe asserts parents should teach their children to make responsible decisions (pg 109). If the children are having hard time finding the solutions, parents should ask them for the possible solutions they can come up with it. There are usually more than one solution but allow your children to come up with the solutions. It will help them to understand the consequences and improve their ability to consciously make wise decisions. Sears and Gottman insist parents to set up limits on their children to maintain discipline and behavior. Sears claims that setting up limits on childrens behavior, the children are less likely to cross their limits (pg 92). When setting limits, you will sometimes need to alter to the more cruel disciplinary approach of punishment. If parents set harsh limits, their children will learn positive discipline. It helps them develop into responsible and dependable adults. Gottman believes that parents often set limits for childrens misbehavior and it also makes life more successful for your child in the long run. Sever believes that children often learn how to behave from their parents behavior (pg 106). Childrens home environment influenced on their school performance therefore, if children have grown up in environment where it is happy, they tend have positive influence. The qualities the children received from their parents are being polite, supportive, caring, generous and compassionate. Parents are their most profound inspiration. Parenting style can be present various ways throughout childrens life. Since children learn most of their behavior from their parents, these techniques greatly helpful for parents to raise children.